It was first detected in April 2009, but in June the World Health Organization declared it as a pandemic(spreading across all the places around the world). Nothing much to say about the name, Swine Flu virus was just a suspected one the influenza viruses which caused the diseases in Swine(Pigs) in North America. Although, its not the same and this is a new strain of h1N1 which has not affected any human, or animal before.

Spread of the Swine Flu Disease:
The H1N1 virus is contagious, and spreading easily from one human to other, through the easiest ways like Couging, sneezing from people who are already infected. It also spreads through skin-to-skin contact sometimes, because the virus is known to be found on the outer membrane of the affected people.

Signs and symptoms of Swine Flu:
Every contagious disease has no much complications, but the simple conditions increase rapidly and are fatal(life claiming). Here are a few symptoms -

• Fever
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Body aches
• Headache
• Chills
• Fatigue

Some other symptoms are Diarrhoea and Vomitings but not all cases complained of that. Severe cases which could not be treated successfully, were victims of death due to Swine Flu.

Serious symptoms: That can easily suspect and are emergency cases:

• Faster breathing or problems in breathing
• Bluish or gray skin color – Due to blood infection
• No proper appetite for food or fluids
• Severe or persistent vomiting
• Not waking up or not interacting
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough

Prevention and Treatment:
This is the most important part of the article, where i can explain how generally every contagious disease is prevented, and so is Swine Flu(Check WHO Precautions) -

1. Away from cough, sneeze – When someone sneezes or coughs, don’t ignore but just take maximum protection of yourself. Move some distance apart if the person sneezing is so ignorant and does not cover his mouth with something while sneezing. Facts say that Sneezing pushes out the micro-organisms due to allergy, in a very rapid speed and they are spread in all directions if not covered.
2. Wash your hands – Hands can reach anywhere, any wall, any surface where the virus might have landed due to the release from infected person, and before eating, wash your hands with soap for a couple minutes and Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective. While using the soap, using warm water is very effective in getting cleaned in the best way.
3. Face masks, or something to cover mouth – Face mask is used generally in laboraties or clinics, and lately by the traffic policemen who try to avoid the pollution from automobiles, but usage is not limited to them. Its the best to cover yourself with Face masks, and change it regularly, so that the virus entry can be prevented. Although you might have touched your hands in contagious areas, still they can’t reach the mouth due to the mask.
   There are nose-tag and earloop masks available for very cheap, which can save lives.
   I read people saying “When there are few people dead due to Swine Flu, everyone needs a mouth mask. But millions die of AIDS and no one uses condoms!” > You guys might be true, but that’s people’s mistake. Why are going against the Swine Flu prevention in the statement? That statement just discourages usage of face mask!
4. Avoid direct contact – Hugging, or some other ways of contact of skins between normal and sick people should be avoided.
5. Usage of gloves – While cleaning shelves, wash basins etc. you usually keep your hands open without any cover, but using gloves is a better way for prevention of getting infected. Don’t expose your skin. There are packs of 100 gloves available for cheap. Use them while you are touching many uncleaned surfaces.
6. Stay at home, isolated – When you are not sick, and suspect someone around you with Swine Flu, if he is sick, then try to stay away to be safe from the disease. Also, if you are sick, stay away from others to keep them safe from any disease. Get yourself tested for Swine Flu.

Medications: Swine flu treatment
There are a few medications that CDC recommends like Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir). You need to first get yourself tested for the disease, and then the antiviral drugs are administered and prescribed by the doctors.

Getting tested:
As of now, i have found these places in Mumbai, India where you can get tested for the Swine Flu infection -

• Bhabha Hospital, Bandra
• Rajawadi Hospital, Ghatkopar
• Bhagwati Hospital, Borivli
• M T Agarwal Hospital, Mulund
• Siddharth Hospital, Goregaon

Here is a list of hospitals to treat swine flu in India.

When a person is suffering from migraine, he is in such a condition where he can not perform regular activities for a certain period. They become very much sensitive to light, sound and smell stimuli. Other common symptoms seen are nausea, vomiting and blurred vision. Migraine can last from a few hours to a week time. All the manifestations that can be observed in migraine patients are -

• Sensitivity to sound, light and smell
• Blurred vision
• Severe headache
• Diarrhea
• Pain in the neck region
• Abdominal pain
• High temperature
• Weakness of the body
• Dizziness
• Vomiting

There are 4 phases in Migraine, generally for any kind of diseases -

1. Prodrome – Early symptom, where development of the condition is prominent. Symptoms such as headache, fever etc. are seen during this phase.
2. Aura – A kind of disturbance seen in migraine sufferers before the migraine headache. Main symptoms are seen here.
3. Pain – Headache phase where the actual migraine headache is seen. High levels of headache is prominent here.
4. Postdrome phase – The final phase of migraine headache.

Migraine is caused by many reasons, mainly -
Exposure to smoke: Smoking or exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the major causes. According to a research, more than 50% of people who gave up smoking became migraine-free.

High stress: High stress periods, and then sudden rest can cause disturbances in the Central nervous system and can cause attacks of headache when resting. Too much sleep after high stress should be avoided to avoid these attacks.

Hormonal fluctuations: This can also be regarded as stress, which is caused by over excitement. During excitement, high levels of adrenaline is secreted and due to this, stress is experienced, and this triggers attacks of headache.

Irregular sleep: Too much or too little sleep is risky to cause migraine attacks. Long weekend sleeps are pleasent while sleeping, but after the sleep ends, the attacks may start. Regular routine of sleep have to be maintained.

Food habits: There are a lot of food habits that may not suit your body and cause many symptoms ultimately leading to migraine attacks. So a regular balanced diet should be maintained.

How to cure migraine?

Cure migraine by diet:
It is found that following certain migraine diets can reduce or eliminate the risks of migraine attacks. This includes eating of whole and natural foods and reducing the intake of processed or cooked foods.

Reduce certain things in diet:
Things like large amount of caffeine, red wine should be reduced. Along with this, dairy foods, nut products, chocolate, processed meat and alcohol intake should be decreased as they contain chemical addictives which may trigger migraine attacks.

Change in lifestyle:
Modify your lifestyle such that you get complete freedom from the tensions in your life. Pressure on brain should be minimized. It is almost impossible to change the lifestyle, but you may try to get adjusted to the better side of your life.

Lessen salt intake:
Higher salt intake can cause higher blood pressure, which has its repercussions on headache. So, the salt intake should be in control, which leads to lessen in risk of migraine.

Reduce stress:
Reduction of stress can largely decrease the development of migraine, so activities such as performing Yoga can reduce stress. There are many other mental activites which can lead to decrease in stress.

Necrosis is defined as focal death along with degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes which are liberated by the cells. Necrosis may be caused by various agents such as hypoxia, physical and chemical factors, microbial agents and immunological injury.
Irreversible cell injury can be caused by -
1. Cell digestion by lytic enzymes
2. Denaturation of proteins
These changes can be particularly seen by changes in the nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics. The cytoplasm appears homogenous and eosinophilic. The nuclear changes may be condensation of nuclear chromatin(pyknosis), may undergo dissolution(karyolysis) or fragmentation(karyorrhexis)

Morphologically there are 5 types of necrosis seen in humans, which include:

1. Coagulative necrosis – The most common type of necrosis with irreversible focal injury, mostly caused by sudden cessation of blood, generally Ischaemia. Less commonly by bacterial and chemical agents. The organs which are very commonly affected by coagulative necrosis are heart, spleen and kidney.

2. Liquefaction necrosis – Also called as Colliquative necrosis, is commonly due to ischaemic injury and bacterial or fungal infections. Thsi occurs due to degradation of tissues by the action of powerful hydrolytic enzymes. The places where liquefaction necrosis is commonly seen are Infarct brain and abscess cavity.

3. Caseous necrosis – This type of necrosis is found in the center of foci of the tuberculous infections. This necrosis has the combined features of both coagulative and liquefaction necrosis.

4. Fat necrosis – Fat necrosis is a special form of cell death that is caused at two anatomically different locations, and morphologically similar lesions. These lesions are -
Acute pancreatic necrosis and Traumatic fat necrosis. And this is commmonly seen in breasts.
In case of pancreas, there is liberation of pancreatic lipases, from the inflammed or injured tissues that results in necrosis of the pancreas and also on the fat deposits throughout the peritoneal cavity. This sometimes also affects the extra-abdominal adipose tissue.

5. Fibrinoid necrosis – Fibrinoid degeneration is characterised by deposition of fibrin-like material which has the staining properties of fibrin. This can be seen in various cases like immunological tissue injury, hypertension of arterioles, peptic ulcer etc.

Dry Gangrene is a form of gangrene that occurs in the distal part of the limb due to ischaemia. One of the typical examples of a dry gangrene is on the toes and feet of an old patient due to Atherosclerosis.
Some other causes of Gangrene foot are Thromboangiitis obliterans(Buerger’s disease), Raynaud’s disease, trauma, Ergot’s poisoning.
Dry gangrene is usually initiated at the toe region which is farthest from the blood region, and contains very less blood where invading bacteria to grow into the necrosed tissue. This gangrene slowly grows slowly upwards and reaches a point where the blood supply is adequate enough to keep the whole tissue viable.
A “Line of separation” is formed between the gangrenous part and the viable part.

Wet gangrene is a type of gangrene that usually occurs in the moist tissues and organs such as the Mouth, Bowel, Lung, Cervix, Vulva etc. Diabetic leg is another example with high sugar content in the necrosed tissue which is favorable for the bacteria to grow.
Bedsores occurring in bedridden patients due to pressure on sites like the sacrum, buttocks and the heels is one more consideration of wet gangrene. Wet gangrene usually develops rapidly due to blockage of venous and less commonly arterial blood flow from thrombosis or embolism.
At the affected part, stuffed blood encourages the formation and growth of the invading bacteria. And the toxic products formed by the bacteria are absorbed causing the systemic manifestations of septicaemia, and then finally to death. There is no clear demarcation of any line of separation.

Gas gangrene is a special form of wet gangrene that is caused by a gas-forming Clostridia(which is a gram positive anaerobic bacteria), which enters into the tissues through open contaminated wounds, normally in the muscles. Or this invasion can also occur as a compilation of operation on colon which usually contains the bacteria Clostridia. The bacteria produces many toxins which can produce necrosis and oedema locally and are absorbed producing systemic manifestations.