Migraine is a neurological disorder, which is mostly confused with headache by people who don’t have correct knowledge about it. Headache can be cured very easily by some mild dose of drug but migraine patients need special care and treatment.

When a person is suffering from migraine, he is in such a condition where he can not perform regular activities for a certain period. They become very much sensitive to light, sound and smell stimuli. Other common symptoms seen are nausea, vomiting and blurred vision. Migraine can last from a few hours to a week time. All the manifestations that can be observed in migraine patients are -

• Sensitivity to sound, light and smell
• Blurred vision
• Severe headache
• Diarrhea
• Pain in the neck region
• Abdominal pain
• High temperature
• Weakness of the body
• Dizziness
• Vomiting

There are 4 phases in Migraine, generally for any kind of diseases -

1. Prodrome - Early symptom, where development of the condition is prominent. Symptoms such as headache, fever etc. are seen during this phase.
2. Aura - A kind of disturbance seen in migraine sufferers before the migraine headache. Main symptoms are seen here.
3. Pain - Headache phase where the actual migraine headache is seen. High levels of headache is prominent here.
4. Postdrome phase - The final phase of migraine headache.

Migraine is caused by many reasons, mainly -
Exposure to smoke: Smoking or exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the major causes. According to a research, more than 50% of people who gave up smoking became migraine-free.

High stress: High stress periods, and then sudden rest can cause disturbances in the Central nervous system and can cause attacks of headache when resting. Too much sleep after high stress should be avoided to avoid these attacks.

Hormonal fluctuations: This can also be regarded as stress, which is caused by over excitement. During excitement, high levels of adrenaline is secreted and due to this, stress is experienced, and this triggers attacks of headache.

Irregular sleep: Too much or too little sleep is risky to cause migraine attacks. Long weekend sleeps are pleasent while sleeping, but after the sleep ends, the attacks may start. Regular routine of sleep have to be maintained.

Food habits: There are a lot of food habits that may not suit your body and cause many symptoms ultimately leading to migraine attacks. So a regular balanced diet should be maintained.

How to cure migraine?

Cure migraine by diet:
It is found that following certain migraine diets can reduce or eliminate the risks of migraine attacks. This includes eating of whole and natural foods and reducing the intake of processed or cooked foods.

Reduce certain things in diet:
Things like large amount of caffeine, red wine should be reduced. Along with this, dairy foods, nut products, chocolate, processed meat and alcohol intake should be decreased as they contain chemical addictives which may trigger migraine attacks.

Change in lifestyle:
Modify your lifestyle such that you get complete freedom from the tensions in your life. Pressure on brain should be minimized. It is almost impossible to change the lifestyle, but you may try to get adjusted to the better side of your life.

Lessen salt intake:
Higher salt intake can cause higher blood pressure, which has its repercussions on headache. So, the salt intake should be in control, which leads to lessen in risk of migraine.

Reduce stress:
Reduction of stress can largely decrease the development of migraine, so activities such as performing Yoga can reduce stress. There are many other mental activites which can lead to decrease in stress.

Necrosis is defined as focal death along with degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes which are liberated by the cells. Necrosis may be caused by various agents such as hypoxia, physical and chemical factors, microbial agents and immunological injury.
Irreversible cell injury can be caused by -
1. Cell digestion by lytic enzymes
2. Denaturation of proteins
These changes can be particularly seen by changes in the nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics. The cytoplasm appears homogenous and eosinophilic. The nuclear changes may be condensation of nuclear chromatin(pyknosis), may undergo dissolution(karyolysis) or fragmentation(karyorrhexis)

Morphologically there are 5 types of necrosis seen in humans, which include:

1. Coagulative necrosis - The most common type of necrosis with irreversible focal injury, mostly caused by sudden cessation of blood, generally Ischaemia. Less commonly by bacterial and chemical agents. The organs which are very commonly affected by coagulative necrosis are heart, spleen and kidney.

2. Liquefaction necrosis - Also called as Colliquative necrosis, is commonly due to ischaemic injury and bacterial or fungal infections. Thsi occurs due to degradation of tissues by the action of powerful hydrolytic enzymes. The places where liquefaction necrosis is commonly seen are Infarct brain and abscess cavity.

3. Caseous necrosis - This type of necrosis is found in the center of foci of the tuberculous infections. This necrosis has the combined features of both coagulative and liquefaction necrosis.

4. Fat necrosis - Fat necrosis is a special form of cell death that is caused at two anatomically different locations, and morphologically similar lesions. These lesions are -
Acute pancreatic necrosis and Traumatic fat necrosis. And this is commmonly seen in breasts.
In case of pancreas, there is liberation of pancreatic lipases, from the inflammed or injured tissues that results in necrosis of the pancreas and also on the fat deposits throughout the peritoneal cavity. This sometimes also affects the extra-abdominal adipose tissue.

5. Fibrinoid necrosis - Fibrinoid degeneration is characterised by deposition of fibrin-like material which has the staining properties of fibrin. This can be seen in various cases like immunological tissue injury, hypertension of arterioles, peptic ulcer etc.

Gangrene is a form of necrosis of tissue with superadded putrefaction.This is a type of coagulative necrosis that occurs due to ischaemia(e.g. in bowel, limb etc.).
Gangrene is classified into 3 types -
1. Dry gangrene
2. Wet gangrene
3. Gas gangrene

Dry Gangrene is a form of gangrene that occurs in the distal part of the limb due to ischaemia. One of the typical examples of a dry gangrene is on the toes and feet of an old patient due to Atherosclerosis.
Some other causes of Gangrene foot are Thromboangiitis obliterans(Buerger’s disease), Raynaud’s disease, trauma, Ergot’s poisoning.
Dry gangrene is usually initiated at the toe region which is farthest from the blood region, and contains very less blood where invading bacteria to grow into the necrosed tissue. This gangrene slowly grows slowly upwards and reaches a point where the blood supply is adequate enough to keep the whole tissue viable.
A “Line of separation” is formed between the gangrenous part and the viable part.

Wet gangrene is a type of gangrene that usually occurs in the moist tissues and organs such as the Mouth, Bowel, Lung, Cervix, Vulva etc. Diabetic leg is another example with high sugar content in the necrosed tissue which is favorable for the bacteria to grow.
Bedsores occurring in bedridden patients due to pressure on sites like the sacrum, buttocks and the heels is one more consideration of wet gangrene. Wet gangrene usually develops rapidly due to blockage of venous and less commonly arterial blood flow from thrombosis or embolism.
At the affected part, stuffed blood encourages the formation and growth of the invading bacteria. And the toxic products formed by the bacteria are absorbed causing the systemic manifestations of septicaemia, and then finally to death. There is no clear demarcation of any line of separation.

Gas gangrene is a special form of wet gangrene that is caused by a gas-forming Clostridia(which is a gram positive anaerobic bacteria), which enters into the tissues through open contaminated wounds, normally in the muscles. Or this invasion can also occur as a compilation of operation on colon which usually contains the bacteria Clostridia. The bacteria produces many toxins which can produce necrosis and oedema locally and are absorbed producing systemic manifestations.