Fluoride Doses:

• Safe Tolerated Dose – 8mg to 16mg/Kg Body Weight.
• Toxic Dose – 16mg to 32mg/Kg Body Weight.
• Lethal Dose – 32mg to 64mg/Kg Body Weight.
• In Acute Poisoning Fluoride causes death by blocking normal cellular metabolism.
• Death usually results from either Cardiac Failure (or) Respiratory Paralysis.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Nausea, Vomiting
• Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea
• Excess Salivation and Mucosal Discharge
• Generalized Weakness and Carpopedal Spasms
• Weak Thready Pulse, Fall in Blood Pressure
• Depression of Respiratory Center
• Decreased Plasma Calcium Level, Increased Plasma Potassium Level
• Cardiac Arrhythmia
• Coma and Death

Management of Acute Fluoride Toxicity:

Less than 5mg/Kg:

i. Give Calcium orally to relieve Gastro Intestinal symptoms and observe for few hours.
ii. Induce Vomiting

More than 5mg/Kg But Less Than 15mg/Kg Body Weight:

i. Empty the Stomach by inducing vomiting with Emetics

For patient with depressed “Gag Reflex” Induced Vomiting is Contraindicated and Endotracheal Intubation should be performed before Gastric Lavage.

i. Give orally soluble calcium in any form.
ii. Admit to Hospital and observe for few hours.

More than 15mg/Kg:

i. Admit to Hospital immediately.
ii. Induce Vomiting
iii. Begin Cardiac Monitoring
iv. Slow administer Intravenous 10% Ca+ Gluconate Solution. Additional doses may be given if Clinical Signs of Tetany develops.
v. Adequate urine output should be maintained using Diuretics if necessary.
vi. General supportive measures for Shock

While following different procedures most of the people make the over use of fluoride unknowingly and hence they become the victims of the dental fluorosis. Most of the people wonder what went wrong which is causing them some problems with their teeth and if they are using fluoride to whiten their teeth then the reason can be the over use of fluoride.

The dental fluorosis which is caused on the teeth can be recognized very easily by one and all as there will be some discoloration happening in their teeth other than becoming white. Generally when the use of fluoride is in proper manner means you will notify your teeth becoming white but when you start noticing some spots on the white teeth then you can consider it that there have been overuse of fluoride and hence dental fluorosis is causing on your teeth.

There are plenty of treatments for dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis is cosmetically treated in present days by dentist. The success and the cost totally depend upon the treatment which has been provided to your oral health.
Microbrasion, tooth bleaching and some of the porcelain veneers or conservative composite restorations are very commonly given treatments. Microbrasion and bleaching are some superficial staining but the conservative restoration is some of unaesthetic situations treatments used.

The world reputed American dental association has recommended the parents to take care of their infants of 0 to 12 months age have to be prepared with the formula with water which is free from fluoride. The water should have very low level of fluoride which can reduce the risk from fluorosis.

There are two different types of teeth whitening techniques present. These techniques are very much conventionally used by almost all dental professionals.
Microbrasion is considered to be one of the most popular techniques for teeth whitening and bleaching is considered to be another type of teeth whitening system conventionally followed by dental professionals.

When you make over use of fluoride on your teeth it completely or partially will damage your teeth for sure and hence you need to admit the fact that your teeth cannot be undone as the original but to a great extent for sure.

The usage of bleach method by dental professional is not to cure your teeth from dental fluorosis but will surely cover the spots that have occurred due to over use of the fluoride.
The sand down of the outer section of your teeth is the whitening method used by dental professionals to remove the stains from your teeth for good.
If you are suffering from severe dental fluorosis then most of the dental professionals would not recommend you to have the teeth whitening methods as there is a chance for your teeth to get damaged completely as well. Hence take care of your teeth.

The causes and features of oral thrush

• Most of the people think that they can take good care of their oral health and thus they can prevent it from happening. However this is not the way how it works. The yeast will be present inside your mouth already and there are plenty of reasons which can initiate their growth. Once their growth has been initiated there tend to grow uncontrollably.
• Gorge of antibiotics is considered to be one of the primary or the leading reason for the rapid growth of these organism or bacteria’s.
• There are different types of bacteria’s with which the yeasts are compatible with. These bacteria live under our skin and many other places in our body. They are very helpful to us.
• These bacteria’s helps in fighting against the growth of yeast in those places and also any kind of yeast infections.
• When you consume the antibiotics which are used to cure the formation of yeast and their growth they unknowingly kills the bacteria’s which fight against the yeast infections as well. You can consider that at the very end yeast will be the one which is not affected by the antibiotics but the helpful bacteria’s.
• Sometimes the yeasts will go out of control when the bacteria which stop them are eliminated. Hence the antibiotics are indirectly helping in the formation of yeast and its growth in body.
• The yeast starts to multiply as soon as the bacteria dies and hence causes the oral thrush.
• The steroids and cancer medications will also enable the yeast to flourish.
• The medications which are consumed by the patients of asthmatics or chronic lungs will help the increase of yeast infection in body.

The treatment for oral thrush

• Candidiasis is not considered to be the critical condition until it enters the blood and starts to multiply.
• This can reach different organs inside the body and make the system immune. Antifungal prescriptions are to be injected into the mouth and it can be swallowed to stop the infection.
• Antifungal medications will be advised by the physicians who can prolong for a long duration of time in body.
• Some of the anti fungal drugs like micronazole, amphotericin B, nystatin or geneitan are used for the treatment.

Violet Rinsing the mouth after the use of inhalers by the patients will help in preventing of the oral thrush infections. Take good advice from physicians.

History
The earliest case of oral submucous fibrosis was discovered by J. Schwartz in 1952. This was seen in five Indian women from Kenya and he described their condition as atrophica idiopathica mucosa oris which is a form of oral fibrosing disease. In the year 1953, S.G. Joshi used the term oral submucous fibrosis and the name was used from then on.

Symptoms
Those with oral submucous fibrosis complain of the following:

• Sunken cheeks
• Mouth pain
• Nasal voice
• Dry mouth
• Stiff tongue
• Impaired hearing
• Impaired speech
• Impaired mouth movements
• Increased salivation
• Shrunken uvula
• Blistering inside the mouth
• Fibrosis inside the mouth
• Ulceration inside the mouth
• Redness inside the mouth
• Eating problems
• Small tongue
• Difficulty in swallowing hard solids

Causes
Most of oral submucous fibrosis patients blame this condition in frequent consumption of beetle nut, masala, alcoholic beverages and spicy food as well as chewing of tobacco and smoking. Aside from this, some studies suggest that it can also be triggered by extreme climatic conditions, immunological diseases and prolonged iron and vitamin deficiency in a person’s diet.

Treatment and Prevention

• Before recommending any dental treatment for oral submucous fibrosis, dentists require that patients undergo a biopsy screening. This is mandatory before any treatment can be performed or applied to a patient’s mouth.
• Refrain from eating the above mentioned foods and minimum consumption of spicy foods particularly chili is required.
• Adhere to proper and regular maintenance of good oral hygiene.
• Eat foods that are rich in Vitamins A, B complex, C as well as iron.
• For diagnosed patients with oral submucous fibrosis the following treatments may be recommended:
• Patients are advised to use chewable hydrocortisone chewable pellets, which are also known as Efcorlin. It should be chewed for three to four hours regularly within three to four weeks or until the symptoms start to decrease.
• Complete elimination of alcohol and hot fluids in your diet.

Submucosal injection of 100mg of hydrocortisone on a patient’s mouth for either once or twice a day which depends on the severity of your condition.
Surgical treatment in special cases which involves progressive fibrosis especially when the interincisor of the teeth becomes less than two centimeters in length.
Use of pentoxifyline which is methylaxanthine derivative that can help increase the mucosal vascularity of your mouth.

Causes of Oral Thrush – You may be thinking that you should take measures and then you will not be able to catch this oral thrush; however, this is not how it is. The yeast is already there and there are numerous factors that can initiate its growth and it go uncontrollable. One of the leading and primary reasons or oral thrush is gorge of antibiotics. There are different bacteria with which the yeast is compatible. These bacteria also live under the skin among various other places but they are harmless and are extremely helpful in fighting off the yeast infection. While an individual is in-taking antibiotics to deal with such diseases that are causing bacteria, the medication also kills the harmless bacteria. Yeast is the one which is not affected by these antibiotics, goes out of control as there are no bacteria to fight and it starts to multiply and grow greatly. Cancer medications and steroids also enable yeast to flourish. The medication taken by chronic lung patients or asthmatics also lead to this infection.

Treating the Oral Thrush – Candidiasis is not generally a critical condition with the exception is that it enters into your blood and then multiplies into your organs particularly for people who have weakened immune systems. For this reason, a suspension of an antifungal prescription can be injected into the mouth and further swallowed or sometimes the physicians try a different way out. For such cases that reoccur along with crucial ones, antifungal medication is advised which can prolong for a longer period of time. On the other hand, if oral thrush is caused because of inhaled corticosteroids usage, suffer can rinse the mouth after making use of the inhaler as this will be helpful in preventing this infection.

Dental caries

Diagnosis -
Diagnosis for tooth caries is quite simple though the development of this condition is often slow though this rate varies with individuals. However, regular dental check ups can detect it early. It exhibits as milky white teeth on patches. On developing, the acidity caused by the breakdown of sugars by the bacteria, regeneration of the mineral content making a tooth is slowed. Less obvious decays can only be detected when an X-ray is done on the patient’s teeth, and it would show up on the film as a dark spot. In severe cases, there would be a cavity on a tooth exposing the nerves reaching the tooth and making it sensitive and often painful.

Symptoms -
Tooth decay in its early stages exhibit as milky white or chalky teeth. The specific tooth that is affected is usually very sensitive to tough as it can get to be painful, it also gets to be very sensitive to extreme temperatures, hot or cold, as well as sensitivity to sweet substances. A developed cavity can also be easily identified by the discoloration on it.

Prevalence -
Prevalence rates are highest in children under the age of 5 and adults in their fifties plus. These age groups are particularly high risk because of limited care, type of diet and frequent eating. Places without the supply of fluoridated drinking water have also been found to have higher prevalence rates.

Treatment -
As a general rule, the earlier a decaying tooth is detected, the easier the treatment would be to fix it. The decayed part of the tooth is removed using a dentist’s drill and filling is done. The material used in filling is mostly resistant to wear, considering the wet conditions of the mouth and the regular activity that it would be exposed to in terms of eating and brushing. Using baking soda to brush can cure mild tooth decay.

If the condition of the tooth is progressed to affecting the inner part of the tooth through a procedure called root canal, the whole decayed part is removed then the cavity if filled up with a metal pin and covered by a resistant layer that could be metallic called a tooth crown. If the decay is beyond repair, the tooth will have to be extracted and alternatives like implants.

Tooth decay can also be prevented by proper brushing after every meal, flossing to remove any trapped material between teeth and avoiding sugary foods.

Candida fungus is found in the mouths of all the people in certain amounts. The quantity of candida fungus is kept in control by other microorganisms present in the mouth. Candidiasis occurs when the number of candida fungus increases to more than normal. It may occur due to several kinds of illness, stress or medication; which all leads to an increase in the number of candida fungus in the mouth. A few diseases which might cause candida infection include cancer, HIV, diabetes etc. Candidiasis occurs to a lot of people who smoke a lot.

Candidiasis of mouth is also known by the name of Oral Thrush. The most common symptom of this disease is the appearance of lesions in the mouth. White lesions appear in the mouth at the gums, top of the mouth, inner cheeks and tongue. These lesions may cause pain or bleeding when you brush your teeth. In extreme cases, lesions may spread up to the esophagus. This may cause problems in gulping the food. Fever may also occur in case the lesions spread beyond esophagus.

Candidiasis of mouth can be treated easily in those people who are healthy. However, those people who have a weak immunity system are difficult to treat. Antifungal pills and methods are recommended for the treatment of this disease. The treatment may take around ten to fourteen days. The medication for this disease may come in the form of liquids and tablets. The dentist prescribes different medications for different people according to their gender and age. As this disease may be indicating to some other serious health problem, a dentist may advise people to seek the help of a doctor as well.

Cases of this disorder are not tied to a particular occurrence. It may be hard to relate it to a particular regional area. It might also be hard to relate it to a particular people or race. It is a can only be termed as an abnormal defect with a general occurrence. All details and information used to draw conclusions point out to the fact that the defect is likely to be of generic or hereditary cause. This means that most cases of Micrognathia are inherited. Micrognathia defects are passed along to descendants of those who were diagnosed with the Micrognathia defect. The linage occurrence of this physical condition has been confirmed by medical research.

As a physical defect Micrognathia causes many problems that may be found to be very difficult to live with. The first problem is that Micrognathia prevents the tongue from growing properly. This is caused by the smaller sized jaw pressing the tongue to the roof of the mouth. Having a small jaw also causes the inability to hold the tongue in a forward position. This is because the jaw would be unable to place the tongue in properly normal position. The combination of having a small jaw and short tongue is likely to cause the tongue to block the airway. This limitation also causes respiratory problems that result to having regular or constant difficulty in breathing and difficulty in feeding. This condition may also result to abnormal alignment of the teeth. Micrognathia also denies the teeth enough room to grow.

Immediately after detecting Micrognathia, it is strongly advised to seek the consultation of an orthodontist. This is a doctor specialized with this kind of medical condition or physical defect. The orthodontist will first carry out a thorough medical examination. After the examination is carried out, it will be very important to get to know the facts. So the doctor will get down to asking the questions. The doctor will be very keen to note when the defect was detected. The doctor must also get to know the severe effects and the related symptoms. There has been quite a debate on the best medical diagnosis for Micrognathia cases. Orthodontists have organized many conferences to come up with consensus on matters related to the proper diagnosis for Micrognathia. But the most dominant procure is carrying out a surgical operation to correct the defect caused by Micrognathia.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, about 50% of women experience pregnancy gingivitis. This condition is most common between the second to eighth months of pregnancy. The hormones involved, estrogen and progesterone, are secreted in progressively greater concentrations throughout most of pregnancy. While this is a defense mechanism designed for preparing a woman’s body for the journey ahead, the resulting flood of hormones results in a variety of different effects. Hormones tell the kidneys to retain water in order to build blood volume to have enough to nourish the placenta. Thus a pregnant woman has 40% more fluid in her body. As a result, this increases the amount of fluid in all the cells in the body, including the gum tissues, which causes them to become “puffy”. Between the time of conception and the seventh month of pregnancy, hormones will triple in quantity, and then remain at that heightened level until delivery.

The best way to prevent pregnancy gingivitis is to practice good oral hygiene with above standard oral hygiene; this condition can be almost entirely avoided. Remember, it is the bacteria, not the hormones, which cause the gingivitis. If one experiences the symptoms of pregnancy gingivitis, it is important to visit a dentist to see if he/she needs more frequent dental cleanings or other treatment. Visits to the dentist and dental hygienist for regular check ups and cleanings are a good idea to keep gingivitis away. While good oral hygiene is important to everyone, it is even more so with pregnant women. Because gums can be painful, puffy, and bleeding during pregnancy, the tendency is to avoid touching them. Floss everyday, brush your teeth at least twice a day and use an antimicrobial mouth rinse such as Listerine or Crest Pro-Health Rinse.

Saliva not only does it keeping the mouth wet but also it helps digest food and protects our teeth from decay. Not to mention controlling pathogens and making it possible for us to chew and swallow food.

There are many causes of a dry mouth and in a greater number of cases seeking an advice from an expert is indeed worthwhile so as to diagnose the real cause and cure it. Since the cause is not one, so are the modes of curing. Discussed are some of the major causes of a dry mouth and ways of curing them:

Insufficient water intake -
This is usually the commonest, the salivary glands requires water to produce saliva that nourishes our mouths. Taking less of drinking water will not stimulate the same – thus to prevent mouth dryness one should drink water and juices as often especially so after a physically involving activity.

Disorder of the salivary glands -
When the salivary glands are out of order, no amount of drinking water can be sufficient to reverse the situation. It is very much in order for one get a drug prescription from the dentist to help the glands work better or the dentist may recommend use of the artificial saliva. People with gland problems are equally advised to chew sugarless gum so as to stimulate the saliva flow whenever a dry sensation bites; oral moisturizers can also work for these type of people, they bring relief to the mouth likewise one may take vegetables or carrots.

Medicine side effects -
Certain drugs can bring about oral dehydration, more than 400 drugs being used in the market today have the potential to cause our salivary glands not to function as required especially so if not taken to the prescribed dosage. Top in the list of these medicines includes painkillers, decongestants, diuretics and tranquilizers. If the dryness is drug caused, then one should refrain from that drug in favor of the alternative or regulate the dosage accordingly.

Smoking -
Smokers experience a dry mouth because the cigarette smoke starves the oxygen supply. It equally raises the acidity of the mouth which in turn dries the oral tissues. Cigar taking not only increases oral dehydration but also accelerates the growth of oral bacteria that results to bad breath. To manage this condition, smokers should adopt a culture of chewing a gum during and after smoking to maintain constant flow of oxygen and saliva in the oral cavity.

In the case of general lifestyle, people suffering from this condition should sip water or sugarless drinks quite often and avoid certain drinks that have caffeine – coffee, some sodas and tea, which increases the mouth dryness.